Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting communication, behavior, and social interaction (Turki Abualait et al., 2024). Early detection is crucial since early interventions can play an important role in a child’s developmental trajectory and well-being.
Symptoms of autism are highly variable across individuals, and therefore, it is essential to familiarize oneself with the spectrum of behaviour and characteristics of the disorder. Pre-eminent organisations’ statistics affirm the increasing worldwide occurrence of autism with enormous implications for medicine and education. In U.S. reports by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1 out of every 36 children is autistic, and it’s also the case in Massachusetts. This review aims to guide caregivers and parents on how to notice the warning signs of autism early enough to ensure timely treatment and intervention.
Early Signs of Autism in Children and Adolescents
Social Communication
- Limited or no eye contact
- Delayed or absent speech development
- Difficulty understanding social cues and emotions
- Lack of interest in social interactions or difficulty forming relationships
Repetitive Behavior
- Engaging in repetitive motions such as hand flapping, rocking, or spinning objects.
- Developing a strong preference for routines and experiencing distress over changes
Fixating on specific topics, objects, or interests
Sensory Sensitivities
- Heightened sensitivity to sounds, lights, textures, or tastes
- Unusual responses to sensory input (e.g., covering ears for normal sounds, fascination with lights)
- Seeking or avoiding certain types of sensory stimulation
Developmental milestones and when to be concerned
Tracking developmental milestones is essential for detecting potential delays. Below are key milestones and signs that may indicate concern:
- By 6 months: Smiling, making eye contact, responding to sounds
- By 12 months: Babbling, gesturing (e.g., waving, pointing), responding to their name
- By 18 months: Saying single words, imitating actions
- By 24 months: Combining words into simple phrases, engaging in pretend play
Myths caregivers should not regard
- “Late talking means autism” – Some children develop speech later without having autism.
- “Autism is caused by vaccines” This claim has been scientifically debunked.
- “Children with autism lack intelligence” – Many children with autism have average or above-average intelligence.
- “Autism and learning disability are the same” – While some individuals with autism may have a learning disability, the two are distinct conditions.
When developmental screening and professional assessment are necessary
If the child is failing to meet developmental milestones or demonstrates problem behaviors, professional screening is in order. Early assessment leads to earlier intervention, with the potential to improve greatly.
Screening and Diagnosis
Professional evaluation is necessary for access to proper services and intervention. Healthcare practitioners with experience working with autism can perform in-depth examinations, resulting in an accurate diagnosis of the condition. Here are a few of the screening resources:
- Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT)
- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
- Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ)
Paediatricians can play a critical role in early identification via systematic developmental screening during well-child visits. Paediatricians can refer families for appropriate assessment, when indicated, to specialists.
What to do after diagnosis
Therapy
Early intervention therapies, including speech therapy, occupational therapy, and behavioural therapy, can help children develop essential skills.
Educational Support
Individualised Education Programs (IEP) are provided in most schools for autistic children. Special education programs ensure children receive personalised learning support.
Resources for Caregivers
Caregivers are aided by community resources, support groups, and professional consultation.
Conclusion
Detecting early signs of autism is the first step towards giving a child proper interventions and assistance. With proper diagnosis at an early age and appropriate therapy, children with autism can perform well in most aspects of life. If you realise that your child is showing signs of autism, a consultation with a healthcare professional for screening and diagnosis is recommended.